{"id":3682,"date":"2025-10-11T11:17:55","date_gmt":"2025-10-11T16:17:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/imeditores.com\/banocc\/orquideas\/?page_id=3682"},"modified":"2025-11-11T16:51:59","modified_gmt":"2025-11-11T21:51:59","slug":"capitulo-09","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/imeditores.com\/banocc\/orquideas\/capitulo-09\/","title":{"rendered":"Capitulo 09"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row full_width=\u00bbstretch_row_content_no_spaces\u00bb full_height=\u00bbyes\u00bb el_class=\u00bbdiv01&#8243; el_id=\u00bbhero_cap_01&#8243;][vc_column]\n\t\t\t<!-- START Hero Cap 09 REVOLUTION SLIDER 6.5.5 --><p class=\"rs-p-wp-fix\"><\/p>\n\t\t\t<rs-module-wrap id=\"rev_slider_31_1_wrapper\" data-source=\"gallery\" style=\"visibility:hidden;background:transparent;padding:0;margin:0px auto;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;\">\n\t\t\t\t<rs-module id=\"rev_slider_31_1\" style=\"\" data-version=\"6.5.5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<rs-slides>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<rs-slide style=\"position: absolute;\" data-key=\"rs-145\" data-title=\"Slide\" data-duration=\"8800ms\" data-anim=\"ms:1000ms;\" data-in=\"o:0;\" data-out=\"a:false;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/\/imeditores.com\/banocc\/orquideas\/wp-content\/plugins\/revslider\/public\/assets\/assets\/dummy.png\" title=\"CAP09\" width=\"1440\" height=\"900\" class=\"rev-slidebg tp-rs-img rs-lazyload\" data-lazyload=\"\/\/imeditores.com\/banocc\/orquideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/CAP09.jpg\" data-panzoom=\"d:9800ms;ss:100;se:120%;os:-200px\/0;oe:-300px\/0;\" data-no-retina>\n<!--\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t--><rs-layer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tid=\"slider-31-slide-145-layer-0\" \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"rs-selectable\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-type=\"shape\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-rsp_ch=\"on\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-xy=\"x:c;y:b;yo:0,0,0,-1px;\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-text=\"w:normal;s:20,17,10,6;l:0,22,13,8;\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-dim=\"w:100%;h:280px,248px,190px,190px;\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-basealign=\"slide\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-frame_999=\"o:1;st:w;sR:8500;\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tstyle=\"z-index:6;background:linear-gradient(rgba(0,135,202,0) 0%, rgba(0,135,202,1) 100%);\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t> \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/rs-layer><!--\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t--><rs-layer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tid=\"slider-31-slide-145-layer-3\" \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"piedefoto rs-selectable\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-type=\"text\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-rsp_ch=\"on\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-xy=\"x:r;xo:100px,90px,54px,33px;y:b;yo:100px,90px,54px,33px;\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-text=\"w:normal;s:12;l:20;a:left,left,left,right;\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-dim=\"w:25%,25%,50%,75%;\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-frame_999=\"o:0;st:w;sR:4700;\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tstyle=\"z-index:9;font-family:'Source Sans Pro';\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>En la min\u00fascula flor de una orqu\u00eddea se esconde el refinamiento de un proceso evolutivo complejo. En la foto, <i>Pleurothallis nossax<\/i>. \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/rs-layer><!--\n-->\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/rs-slide>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/rs-slides>\n\t\t\t\t\t<rs-static-layers><!--\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t--><h1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tid=\"slider-31-slide-31-layer-4\" \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"rs-layer rs-selectable rs-layer-static\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-type=\"text\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-tsh=\"c:rgba(0,0,0,0.5);v:2px;b:6px;\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-rsp_ch=\"on\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-xy=\"x:c;y:m;yo:-92px,-140px,-96px,-40px;\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-text=\"w:normal;s:60,54,36,36;l:55,48,40,36;ls:2px;a:center;\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-dim=\"w:auto,auto,auto,350px;\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-onslides=\"s:1;\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-frame_999=\"o:0;st:w;sR:4700;\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tstyle=\"z-index:9;font-family:'Source Sans Pro';\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>Anexos \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h1><!--\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t--><rs-layer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tid=\"slider-31-slide-31-layer-6\" \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"rs-selectable rs-layer-static\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-type=\"image\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-rsp_ch=\"on\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-xy=\"x:c;y:m;yo:30px,-34px,-20px,60px;\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-text=\"w:normal;s:20,17,10,6;l:0,22,13,8;\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-dim=\"w:96px,85px,51px,64px;h:96px,85px,51px,64px;\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-actions='id:content01;o:click;a:scrollto;offset:-80px;sp:1000ms;e:power1.inOut;'\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-onslides=\"s:1;\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-frame_0=\"y:-120px,-106px,-64px,-39px;oY:-100px;\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-frame_1=\"e:power3.out;sp:800;\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-frame_999=\"o:0;st:w;\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-frame_hover=\"o:0.5;sX:1.1;sY:1.1;sp:600ms;\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-loop_0=\"y:-10;\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-loop_999=\"y:10;sp:6000;e:sine.inOut;yym:t;\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tstyle=\"z-index:8;cursor:pointer;\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/\/imeditores.com\/banocc\/orquideas\/wp-content\/plugins\/revslider\/public\/assets\/assets\/dummy.png\" class=\"tp-rs-img rs-lazyload\" width=\"192\" height=\"192\" data-lazyload=\"\/\/imeditores.com\/banocc\/aves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/ArrowCircleBottom.png\" data-no-retina> \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/rs-layer><!--\n\t\t\t\t\t--><\/rs-static-layers>\n\t\t\t\t<\/rs-module>\n\t\t\t\t<script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\t\t\t\t\tsetREVStartSize({c: 'rev_slider_31_1',rl:[1240,1024,778,480],el:[900,768,960,720],gw:[1440,1280,778,480],gh:[900,768,960,720],type:'standard',justify:'',layout:'fullwidth',mh:\"0\"});if (window.RS_MODULES!==undefined && window.RS_MODULES.modules!==undefined && window.RS_MODULES.modules[\"revslider311\"]!==undefined) {window.RS_MODULES.modules[\"revslider311\"].once = false;window.revapi31 = undefined;window.RS_MODULES.checkMinimal()}\n\t\t\t\t<\/script>\n\t\t\t<\/rs-module-wrap>\n\t\t\t<!-- END REVOLUTION SLIDER -->\n[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row content_placement=\u00bbmiddle\u00bb css_animation=\u00bbfadeInDown\u00bb el_class=\u00bbdiv07&#8243; el_id=\u00bbtitulo_estatico\u00bb][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left; color: #fff;\">Anexos<\/h6>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u00bbstretch_row\u00bb content_placement=\u00bbtop\u00bb css_animation=\u00bbnone\u00bb el_class=\u00bbdiv01&#8243; el_id=\u00bbcontent01&#8243;][vc_column][vc_column_text el_class=\u00bbtitulo_01&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h2>Bibliograf\u00eda<\/h2>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u00bbstretch_row\u00bb content_placement=\u00bbtop\u00bb css_animation=\u00bbnone\u00bb el_id=\u00bbbibliografia_desktop\u00bb el_class=\u00bbdiv01&#8243;][vc_column width=\u00bb1\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<div class=\"lvca-accordion lvca-style3\" data-toggle=\"false\" data-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">A<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">\u00c1lvarez A. (Comp.). (2022). <em>Plan de manejo de la vainilla<\/em> Vanilla planifolia G. Jackson <em>en la cuenca del r\u00edo Valle &#8211; Municipio de Bah\u00eda Solano Choc\u00f3<\/em>. Swissaid, Consejo Comunitario R\u00edo Valle, IIAP, Parque Nacional Natural Utr\u00eda, Consejo Comunitario General Los Delfines.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Anghelescu N, Bygrave A, \u00adGeorgescu M et al. (2020). History of Orchids &#8211; A History of Discovery, Lust and Wealth. <em>Horticulture<\/em>, 64(1), 519-530.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">B<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Barman D, y Devadas R. (2013). Climate change on orchid population and conservation strategies: a review. <em>Journal of Crop and Weed<\/em>, 9(2), 1-12.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Beentje H. (2012). <em>Plant Glossary<\/em>. 2a ed. Kew, London: Kew Publishing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Betancur J, Sarmiento H, Toro L, y Valencia J. (2015). <em>Plan para el estudio y la conservaci\u00f3n de las orqu\u00eddeas en Colombia<\/em>. Bogot\u00e1: Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible y Universidad Nacional de Colombia.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Bory S, Grisoni M, Duval MF, y Besse P. (2008). Biodiversity and preservation of <em>Vanilla<\/em>: present state of knowledge. <em>Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution<\/em>, 55, 551-571. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Burgener L, Hyland E, Reich R, y Scotese C. (2023). Cretaceous climates: Mapping paleo-K\u00f6ppen climatic zones using a Bayesian statistical analysis of lithologic, paleontologic and geochemical proxies. <em>Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology and Palaeoecology<\/em>, 613, 111373.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Burns-Balogh P, y Funk VA. (1986). A phylogenetic analysis of the Orchidaceae. <em>Smithsonian Contributions to Botany<\/em>, 61.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">C<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Calder\u00f3n E. (Ed.). (2007). <em>Libro rojo de plantas de Colombia<\/em>. Vol. 6: <em>Orqu\u00eddeas, Primera Parte<\/em>. Bogot\u00e1: Instituto Alexander von Humboldt y Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Chase M, Cameron K, Freudenstein J et al. (2015). An updated classification of Orchidaceae. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society<\/em>, 177, 151-174.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">D<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Darwin C. (1877). <em>The various contrivances by which orchids are fertilised by insects<\/em>. London: John Murray.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">D\u00edaz J. (2017). <em>Microecosistemas de Colombia. Biodiversidad en detalle<\/em>. Cali: Banco de Occidente.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">D\u00edaz J. (2020). <em>Colombia, territorio de biodiversidad<\/em>. Cali: Banco de Occidente. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">D\u00edaz J, y Silva L. (2018). <em>Regi\u00f3n Andina de Colombia<\/em>. Cali: Banco de Occidente. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Dressler R. (1981). <em>The orchids, natural history and classification<\/em>. Cambridge, USA: Harvard University Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Droissart V, Verlynde S, Ramandimbisoa B, Andriamahefarivo L, y St\u00e9vart T. (2023). Diversity and distribution of Orchidaceae in one of the world\u2019s most threatened plant hotspots (Madagascar). <em>Biodiversity Data Journal<\/em>, 11.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">E<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Endress P. (1996). <em>Diversity and evolutionary biology of tropical flowers<\/em>. Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">F<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Fay M. (2018). Orchid conservation: how can we meet the challenges in the twenty\u2011first century? <em>Botanical Studies<\/em>, 59, 16.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Fundaci\u00f3n Orqu\u00eddeas de Colombia. (2011). <em>Orqu\u00eddeas de Colombia<\/em>. Bogot\u00e1: Panamericana Formas e Impresos SA.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">G<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Gale S, Fischer G, Cribb P, y Fay M. (2018). Orchid conservation: bridging the gap between science and practice. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society<\/em>, 186, 425-434.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Gentry A, y Dodson C. (1987). Diversity and biogeography of Neotropical vascular epiphytes. <em>Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden<\/em>, 74, 205-233.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Giraldo G, y Betancur J. (2011). <em>Gu\u00eda de campo de las orqu\u00eddeas de Santa Mar\u00eda (Boyac\u00e1, Colombia)<\/em>. Serie Gu\u00edas de Campo del Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, N.\u00b0 9, Bogot\u00e1, 188 pp.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Givnish T, Spalink D, Ames M <em>et al<\/em>. (2016). Orchid historical biogeography, diversification, Antarctica and the paradox of orchid dispersal. <em>Journal of Biogeography<\/em>, 43, 1905-1916.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Orchidaceae, Colombia. Recuperado de www.gbif.org.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Gonz\u00e1lez R. (2016). Plasticidad morfofisiol\u00f3gica comparativa de especies de vainilla silvestres del Pac\u00edfico colombiano. Tesis doctoral, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Palmira.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><\/div><!-- .lvca-accordion -->[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00bb1\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<div class=\"lvca-accordion lvca-style3\" data-toggle=\"false\" data-expanded=\"false\"> <div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">H<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Hazzi N, Moreno J, Ortiz C, y Palacio R. (2018). Biogeographic regions and events of isolation and diversification of the endemic biota of the tropical Andes. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/em>, 115(31) 7985-7990.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Hinsley A, De Boer H, Fay M, Gale S et al. (2017). A review of the trade in orchids and its implications for conservation. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society<\/em>, 20, 1-21. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Hunhoff V, Lage L, Pal\u00fa E, \u00adKrause W, y Silva C. (May 2018). Nutritional requirements for germination and in vitro development of three Orchidaceae species in the southern Brazilian Amazon. <em>Ornamental Horticulture<\/em>, 24(2), 87-94.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">J<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Jers\u00e1kov\u00e1 J, y Malinov\u00e1 T. (2007). Spatial aspects of seed dispersal and seedling recruitment in orchids. <em>New Phytologist<\/em>, 176(2), 237-241.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Judd W, Campbell C, Kellogg E et al. (2007). <em>Monocots. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach<\/em>, 3a. ed. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Assoc.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">K<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Karremans A, Moreno J, Gil K et al. (2023). Colombian Orchidaceae: A Catalogue of the Pleurothallidinae. <em>Lankesteriana<\/em>, 23(2).<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Khasim S, Hegde S, Gonz\u00e1lez M, Thammasiri K. (Eds.). (2020). <em>Orchid biology: Recent Trends &amp; Challenges<\/em>. Singapore: Springer. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">M<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Mej\u00eda de Moreno E. (2009). <em>Orqu\u00eddeas del Quind\u00edo<\/em>. Armenia, Quind\u00edo: Vozetto. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Meyer S, Reeb C, y Bosdeveix R. (2008). <em>Botanique. Biologie et physiologie v\u00e9g\u00e9tales<\/em>, 2a ed. Par\u00eds: Maloine.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Myers N, Mittermeier R, Mittermeier C, Da Fonseca G, y Kent J. (2000). 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The Andes through time: evolution and distribution of Andean floras. <em>Trends in Plant Science<\/em>, 27, 1-12.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">R<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\">Reina G, y Otero J. (2011). <em>Gu\u00eda ilustrada de las orqu\u00eddeas del Valle Geogr\u00e1fico del r\u00edo Cauca y Piedemonte Andino Bajo<\/em>. Cali: Sociedad Vallecauacana de Orquideolog\u00eda y Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Palmira.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">S<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Sathiyadash K, Muthukumar T, Karthikeyan V, y Rajendran K. (2020). Orchid Mycorrhizal Fungi: Structure, Function, and Diversity. En: Khasim S, Hegde S, Gonz\u00e1lez M, y Thammasiri K. (Eds.). <em>Orchid Biology: Recent Trends &amp; Challenges<\/em>. Singapore: Springer.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Seaton P, Hu H, Perner H, y \u00adPritchard H. (2010). Ex situ conservation of orchids in a \u00adwarming world. <em>Botanical Review<\/em>, 76, 193-203.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Sierra J, Giraldo, W, y Cuartas L. (2023). Rescate, traslado, reubicaci\u00f3n y monitoreo de ep\u00edfitas vasculares (Araceae, Bromeliaceae y Orchidaceae) en la regi\u00f3n del Guavio (cordillera Oriental colombiana). <em>Bolet\u00edn Cient\u00edfico Centro de Museos. Museo de Historia Natural<\/em>, 27(1), 23-51. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Smith N, Mori S, Henderson A, Stevenson D, y Heald S. (2004). <em>Flowering plants of the Neotropics<\/em>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Sociedad Colombiana de Orquideolog\u00eda. (1991). <em>Orqu\u00eddeas nativas de Colombia<\/em>, Volumen 2. Medell\u00edn: Colina.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Sociedad Colombiana de Orquideolog\u00eda. (1991). <em>Orqu\u00eddeas nativas de Colombia<\/em>, Volumen 3. Medell\u00edn: Colina.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Sociedad Colombiana de Orquideolog\u00eda. (1997). <em>Orqu\u00eddeas nativas de Colombia<\/em>, Volumen 1. Medell\u00edn: Colina.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Soltis D, Soltis P, Endress P, y Chase M. (2005). <em>Phylogeny and evolution of angiosperms<\/em>. Chicago, Mass: University of Chicago Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Soto, M, y Cribb P. (2010). A new infrageneric classification and synopsis of the genus Vanilla Plum. Ex Mill (Orchidaceae: Vanillinae). <em>Lankesteriana<\/em>, 9(3). 355-398.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Swarts N, y Dixon K. (2009). Perspectives on orchid conservation in botanic gardens. <em>Trends in Plant Science<\/em>,14(11), 590-598. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">T<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Thompson J, Davis K, Dodd H, Wills M, y Priest, N. (2023). Speciation across the Earth driven by global cooling in terrestrial orchids. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/em>, 120\u00a0(29)\u00a0e2102408120.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">V<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Van der Pijl L, y Dodson C. (1966). <em>Orchid flowers, their pollination and evolution<\/em>. University of Miami: Press. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">W<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Wang Y, Wang H, Ye C <em>et al<\/em>. (2024). Progress in systematics and biogeography of Orchidaceae. <em>Plant Diversity<\/em>, 46, 425-550.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Weberling F. (1989). <em>Morphology of flowers and inflorescences<\/em>. Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Wraith J, Norman P, y Pickering C. (2020). Orchid conservation and research: An analysis of gaps and priorities for globally Red Listed species. <em>Ambio<\/em>, 49, 1601-1611.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">Z<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Zhang G, Hu Y, Huang M <em>et al<\/em>. (2023). Comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of Orchidaceae using nuclear genes and evolutionary insights into \u00adepiphytism. <em>Journal of Integrative Plant Biology<\/em>, 65, 1204-1225.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><\/div><!-- .lvca-accordion -->[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u00bbstretch_row_content_no_spaces\u00bb el_class=\u00bbdiv01&#8243;][vc_column][vc_empty_space height=\u00bb100px\u00bb][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u00bbstretch_row\u00bb content_placement=\u00bbtop\u00bb css_animation=\u00bbfadeIn\u00bb el_class=\u00bbdiv02&#8243; el_id=\u00bbcontent02&#8243;][vc_column][vc_column_text el_class=\u00bbtitulo_01&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h2>Glosario<\/h2>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u00bbstretch_row\u00bb css_animation=\u00bbfadeIn\u00bb el_id=\u00bbglosario_desktop\u00bb el_class=\u00bbdiv02&#8243;][vc_column width=\u00bb1\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<div class=\"lvca-accordion lvca-style3\" data-toggle=\"false\" data-expanded=\"false\"><br \/>\n<div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">A<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Angiospermas. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Del griego \u00ad<i>angeion<\/i>&#8211; (recipiente) y &#8211;<i>sperma<\/i> (semilla), designa a las plantas con flor cuyos \u00f3vulos se desarrollan dentro de un ovario.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Antera. <\/span><\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Parte del estambre (\u00f3rgano reproductor masculino de la flor) en donde se produce el polen. En orqu\u00eddeas corresponde a la estructura que contiene los polinios.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Autogamia. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Autofecundaci\u00f3n de flores producida tras la polinizaci\u00f3n con polen del mismo individuo.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">C<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Carpelo. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Unidad del \u00f3rgano reproductor femenino de las plantas que contiene uno o varios \u00f3vulos. Est\u00e1 compuesto por el estigma (superficie receptora del polen), el estilo (estructura que lo conecta al ovario) y el ovario.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">C\u00edcadas. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Orden de plantas (<i>Cycadales<\/i>) caracterizado por presentar rasgos primitivos y aspecto semejante a las palmeras. Su origen se remonta a hace 280 millones de a\u00f1os, con un pico de abundancia en la era mesozoica.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Con\u00edferas. <\/span><\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Clase <i>Pinopsida<\/i>, grupo importante de plantas vasculares con semillas no contenidas dentro de un carpelo (semillas desnudas). Su origen se remonta al Carbon\u00edfero y alcanz\u00f3 gran abundancia en la era mesozoica.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Cotiled\u00f3n. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">\u00d3rgano embrionario que contiene sustancias de reserva y constituye la primera hoja de la planta. Forma parte del germen de la semilla.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">E<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">End\u00e9mico. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Dicho de una especie u organismo con distribuci\u00f3n natural restringida a una \u00fanica zona geogr\u00e1fica.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Espermatofita. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Grupo de plantas con semilla, conformado por las gimnospermas y las angiospermas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Estambre. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">\u00d3rgano reproductor masculino de la flor. Est\u00e1 compuesto por las anteras \u2014que producen el polen\u00ad\u2014 y el filamento que las sostiene.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Estigma. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Parte que recibe el polen en el \u00f3rgano reproductor femenino de la flor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Estoma. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Poro de la epidermis de las hojas que permite el intercambio gaseoso de la planta.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\"><i>Ex situ<\/i>. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Expresi\u00f3n latina que significa \u00abfuera del sitio\u00bb. Hace referencia a la conservaci\u00f3n de organismos fuera de su h\u00e1bitat natural.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">G<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Gimnospermas. <\/span><\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Del griego <i>gymnos<\/i>&#8211; (desnudo) y &#8211;<i>sperma<\/i> (semilla). Grupo de plantas cuyos \u00f3vulos no se desarrollan dentro de un ovario.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">H<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Hep\u00e1ticas. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Plantas pertenecientes al grupo de las bri\u00f3fitas (plantas terrestres sin sistema vascular), con forma aplanada semejante a un h\u00edgado.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">H\u00edbrido. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Organismo producido por reproducci\u00f3n sexual entre dos individuos de distinto linaje evolutivo (especies o g\u00e9neros distintos). <\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><\/div><!-- .lvca-accordion -->[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00bb1\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<div class=\"lvca-accordion lvca-style3\" data-toggle=\"false\" data-expanded=\"false\"><br \/>\n<div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">I<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"name\"><strong><i>In situ<\/i>.<\/strong><\/span> Expresi\u00f3n latina que significa \u00aben el sitio\u00bb. Hace referencia a la conservaci\u00f3n de organismos en su h\u00e1bitat natural.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"name\"><strong><i>In vitro<\/i>.<\/strong><\/span> Expresi\u00f3n latina que significa \u00aben vidrio\u00bb. M\u00e9todo de cultivo realizado en ambientes controlados y est\u00e9riles, utilizando medios nutritivos que garanticen la supervivencia de un m\u00e1ximo de pl\u00e1ntulas.<\/p>\n<p><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">L<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Labelo. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">P\u00e9talo modificado y est\u00e9ril de la flor de las orqu\u00eddeas, opuesto a la columna, que sirve como plataforma para atraer y guiar a los polinizadores. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">M<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Micorriza. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Asociaci\u00f3n de beneficio mutuo entre la ra\u00edz de una planta y un hongo. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Monoc\u00e1rpica. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Planta que florece y fructifica una sola vez en el transcurso de su vida. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">N<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Neotropical. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Regi\u00f3n biogeogr\u00e1fica que comprende las zonas tropicales del continente americano. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">O<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Orogenia. <\/span><\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Proceso geol\u00f3gico de formaci\u00f3n de monta\u00f1as debido a la colisi\u00f3n de placas tect\u00f3nicas. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Orquideoflora. <\/span><\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Conjunto de especies de orqu\u00eddeas presentes en una regi\u00f3n determinada. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><\/div><!-- .lvca-accordion -->[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00bb1\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<div class=\"lvca-accordion lvca-style3\" data-toggle=\"false\" data-expanded=\"false\"><br \/>\n<div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">P<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Paleotropical. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Regi\u00f3n biogeogr\u00e1fica que abarca las zonas tropicales de \u00c1frica, Asia y Ocean\u00eda (excepto Australia y Nueva Zelanda).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Pistilo. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">\u00d3rgano reproductor femenino de la flor, compuesto por uno o varios carpelos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Polen. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Granos microsc\u00f3picos que contienen los gametos masculinos de las plantas con flor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Polic\u00e1rpica. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Planta con la capacidad de florecer y fructificar varias veces a lo largo de su vida.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Polinio. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Masa compacta formada por granos de polen, caracter\u00edstica de las orqu\u00eddeas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Polinizador. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Agente natural (animal, viento, agua) que transporta el polen de una flor a otra permitiendo la reproducci\u00f3n sexual.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Polinizaci\u00f3n cruzada. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Fertilizaci\u00f3n de una flor mediante polen proveniente de la flor de una planta distinta.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Pseudoc\u00f3pula. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Mecanismo de mimetismo en el que una flor es polinizada por machos de ciertos insectos, atra\u00eddos por la semejanza con sus hembras.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">R<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Recombinaci\u00f3n de genes. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Proceso mediante el cual se mezcla el material gen\u00e9tico de los progenitores, produciendo descendientes con combinaciones de rasgos diferentes a los de estos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Resupinaci\u00f3n. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Proceso en el cual un \u00f3rgano de la planta experimenta una torsi\u00f3n que la coloca en posici\u00f3n invertida.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">S<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Sapr\u00f3fita. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Planta que obtiene todos o parte de sus nutrientes a partir de materia org\u00e1nica en descomposici\u00f3n, generalmente mediante asociaci\u00f3n con hongos (micorrizas).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Simbiosis. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Relaci\u00f3n \u00edntima y prolongada de beneficio mutuo entre dos o m\u00e1s especies.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">V<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Viscidio. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Gl\u00e1ndula con secreci\u00f3n viscosa a la que est\u00e1n unidos los polinios, lo que asegura su adhesi\u00f3n al agente polinizador.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><\/div><!-- .lvca-accordion -->[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u00bbstretch_row\u00bb css_animation=\u00bbfadeIn\u00bb el_id=\u00bbglosario_mobile\u00bb el_class=\u00bbdiv02&#8243;][vc_column][vc_column_text]<div class=\"lvca-accordion lvca-style3\" data-toggle=\"false\" data-expanded=\"false\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">A<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\">\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Angiospermas. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Del griego \u00ad<i>angeion<\/i>&#8211; (recipiente) y &#8211;<i>sperma<\/i> (semilla), designa a las plantas con flor cuyos \u00f3vulos se desarrollan dentro de un ovario.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Antera. <\/span><\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Parte del estambre (\u00f3rgano reproductor masculino de la flor) en donde se produce el polen. En orqu\u00eddeas corresponde a la estructura que contiene los polinios.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Autogamia. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Autofecundaci\u00f3n de flores producida tras la polinizaci\u00f3n con polen del mismo individuo.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">C<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Carpelo. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Unidad del \u00f3rgano reproductor femenino de las plantas que contiene uno o varios \u00f3vulos. Est\u00e1 compuesto por el estigma (superficie receptora del polen), el estilo (estructura que lo conecta al ovario) y el ovario.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">C\u00edcadas. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Orden de plantas (<i>Cycadales<\/i>) caracterizado por presentar rasgos primitivos y aspecto semejante a las palmeras. Su origen se remonta a hace 280 millones de a\u00f1os, con un pico de abundancia en la era mesozoica.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Con\u00edferas. <\/span><\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Clase <i>Pinopsida<\/i>, grupo importante de plantas vasculares con semillas no contenidas dentro de un carpelo (semillas desnudas). Su origen se remonta al Carbon\u00edfero y alcanz\u00f3 gran abundancia en la era mesozoica.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Cotiled\u00f3n. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">\u00d3rgano embrionario que contiene sustancias de reserva y constituye la primera hoja de la planta. Forma parte del germen de la semilla.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">E<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">End\u00e9mico. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Dicho de una especie u organismo con distribuci\u00f3n natural restringida a una \u00fanica zona geogr\u00e1fica.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Espermatofita. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Grupo de plantas con semilla, conformado por las gimnospermas y las angiospermas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Estambre. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">\u00d3rgano reproductor masculino de la flor. Est\u00e1 compuesto por las anteras \u2014que producen el polen\u00ad\u2014 y el filamento que las sostiene.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Estigma. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Parte que recibe el polen en el \u00f3rgano reproductor femenino de la flor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Estoma. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Poro de la epidermis de las hojas que permite el intercambio gaseoso de la planta.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\"><i>Ex situ<\/i>. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Expresi\u00f3n latina que significa \u00abfuera del sitio\u00bb. Hace referencia a la conservaci\u00f3n de organismos fuera de su h\u00e1bitat natural.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">G<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Gimnospermas. <\/span><\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Del griego <i>gymnos<\/i>&#8211; (desnudo) y &#8211;<i>sperma<\/i> (semilla). Grupo de plantas cuyos \u00f3vulos no se desarrollan dentro de un ovario.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">H<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Hep\u00e1ticas. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Plantas pertenecientes al grupo de las bri\u00f3fitas (plantas terrestres sin sistema vascular), con forma aplanada semejante a un h\u00edgado.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">H\u00edbrido. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Organismo producido por reproducci\u00f3n sexual entre dos individuos de distinto linaje evolutivo (especies o g\u00e9neros distintos). <\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">I<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel -->\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"\u201cname\u201d\"><strong><i>In situ<\/i>.<\/strong><\/span> Expresi\u00f3n latina que significa \u00aben el sitio\u00bb. Hace referencia a la conservaci\u00f3n de organismos en su h\u00e1bitat natural.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"\u201cname\u201d\"><strong><i>In vitro<\/i>.<\/strong><\/span> Expresi\u00f3n latina que significa \u00aben vidrio\u00bb. M\u00e9todo de cultivo realizado en ambientes controlados y est\u00e9riles, utilizando medios nutritivos que garanticen la supervivencia de un m\u00e1ximo de pl\u00e1ntulas.<\/p>\n<p><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">L<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Labelo. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">P\u00e9talo modificado y est\u00e9ril de la flor de las orqu\u00eddeas, opuesto a la columna, que sirve como plataforma para atraer y guiar a los polinizadores. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">M<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Micorriza. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Asociaci\u00f3n de beneficio mutuo entre la ra\u00edz de una planta y un hongo. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Monoc\u00e1rpica. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Planta que florece y fructifica una sola vez en el transcurso de su vida. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">N<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Neotropical. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Regi\u00f3n biogeogr\u00e1fica que comprende las zonas tropicales del continente americano. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">O<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Orogenia. <\/span><\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Proceso geol\u00f3gico de formaci\u00f3n de monta\u00f1as debido a la colisi\u00f3n de placas tect\u00f3nicas. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Orquideoflora. <\/span><\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Conjunto de especies de orqu\u00eddeas presentes en una regi\u00f3n determinada. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">P<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Paleotropical. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Regi\u00f3n biogeogr\u00e1fica que abarca las zonas tropicales de \u00c1frica, Asia y Ocean\u00eda (excepto Australia y Nueva Zelanda).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Pistilo. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">\u00d3rgano reproductor femenino de la flor, compuesto por uno o varios carpelos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Polen. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Granos microsc\u00f3picos que contienen los gametos masculinos de las plantas con flor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Polic\u00e1rpica. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Planta con la capacidad de florecer y fructificar varias veces a lo largo de su vida.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Polinio. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Masa compacta formada por granos de polen, caracter\u00edstica de las orqu\u00eddeas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Polinizador. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Agente natural (animal, viento, agua) que transporta el polen de una flor a otra permitiendo la reproducci\u00f3n sexual.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Polinizaci\u00f3n cruzada. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Fertilizaci\u00f3n de una flor mediante polen proveniente de la flor de una planta distinta.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Pseudoc\u00f3pula. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Mecanismo de mimetismo en el que una flor es polinizada por machos de ciertos insectos, atra\u00eddos por la semejanza con sus hembras.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">R<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Recombinaci\u00f3n de genes. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Proceso mediante el cual se mezcla el material gen\u00e9tico de los progenitores, produciendo descendientes con combinaciones de rasgos diferentes a los de estos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Resupinaci\u00f3n. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Proceso en el cual un \u00f3rgano de la planta experimenta una torsi\u00f3n que la coloca en posici\u00f3n invertida.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">S<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Sapr\u00f3fita. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Planta que obtiene todos o parte de sus nutrientes a partir de materia org\u00e1nica en descomposici\u00f3n, generalmente mediante asociaci\u00f3n con hongos (micorrizas).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Simbiosis. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Relaci\u00f3n \u00edntima y prolongada de beneficio mutuo entre dos o m\u00e1s especies.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><div class=\"lvca-panel\" id=\"\"><div class=\"lvca-panel-title\">V<\/div><div class=\"lvca-panel-content\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"name\">Viscidio. <\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"s3\">Gl\u00e1ndula con secreci\u00f3n viscosa a la que est\u00e1n unidos los polinios, lo que asegura su adhesi\u00f3n al agente polinizador.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/div><\/div><!-- .lvca-panel --><\/div><!-- .lvca-accordion -->[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u00bbstretch_row_content_no_spaces\u00bb css_animation=\u00bbfadeIn\u00bb el_class=\u00bbdiv02&#8243;][vc_column][vc_empty_space height=\u00bb100px\u00bb][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u00bbstretch_row\u00bb content_placement=\u00bbtop\u00bb css_animation=\u00bbnone\u00bb el_class=\u00bbdiv01&#8243;][vc_column][vc_column_text el_class=\u00bbtitulo_01&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h2>Agradecimientos<\/h2>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=\u00bb.vc_custom_1761839863055{padding-right: 30px !important;padding-left: 30px !important;}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">I\/M Editores, los autores y los fot\u00f3grafos expresamos nuestro agradecimiento a las siguientes entidades y personas cuya generosa colaboraci\u00f3n hizo posible la realizaci\u00f3n de este libro:<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u00bbstretch_row\u00bb content_placement=\u00bbtop\u00bb css_animation=\u00bbnone\u00bb el_class=\u00bbdiv01&#8243;][vc_column width=\u00bb1\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"name\">Jard\u00edn Bot\u00e1nico Jos\u00e9 Celestino Mutis<br \/>\nDirectora, Mar\u00eda Claudia Garc\u00eda D\u00e1vila<br \/>\nSubdirector Cient\u00edfico, Juan Fernando Phillips<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Colecci\u00f3n CEPAC, Sandra Patricia L\u00f3pez<br \/>\nIn Vitro, Leny Yojana Correa Mora<br \/>\ny Lizeth Adriana Echeverri Ram\u00edrez<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"name\">Asociaci\u00f3n Vallecaucana de Orquideolog\u00eda AVO<\/span>\n<p class=\"p1\">Vivian Portocarrero<br \/>\nAna Baranza<br \/>\nConsuelo del Carmen Cort\u00e9s Mosquera<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"name\">Orqu\u00eddeas del Valle &#8211; Ginebra, Valle del Cauca<\/span>\n<p class=\"p1\">Andrea Niessen<br \/>\nJuan Carlos Uribe<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00bb1\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"name\">El Mirador de las Orqu\u00eddeas &#8211; Santiago de Cali<\/span>\n<p class=\"p1\">Alejandro P\u00e9rez Duarte<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"name\">Reserva Natural El Refugio-Torremolinos &#8211; Dagua, Valle del Cauca<\/span>\n<p class=\"p1\">Eduardo Calder\u00f3n S\u00e1enz<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"name\">Posada del Mar, Bah\u00eda Solano, Choc\u00f3<\/span>\n<p class=\"p1\">Rodrigo Fajardo<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"name\">Reserva Biol\u00f3gica Encenillo &#8211; Guasca-Cundinamarca<\/span>\n<p class=\"p1\">N\u00e9stor Urrego<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00bb1\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Catalina D\u00edaz Fahrenberger<br \/>\nFernando Gast Harders<br \/>\nIsolde Gaviria<br \/>\nMarina Romero<br \/>\nMar\u00eda In\u00e9s Matiz<br \/>\nSergio Gaviria<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Y a todas las entidades, organizaciones, comunidades e individuos que con su aporte al conocimiento y la conservaci\u00f3n de la biodiversidad y la defensa de los ecosistemas nos permiten seguir disfrutando de las orqu\u00eddeas.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u00bb100px\u00bb][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row el_class=\u00bbdiv01&#8243;][vc_column width=\u00bb1\/2&#8243; el_class=\u00bbcolumna_btn_nav_capitulos\u00bb][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a class=\"btn_nav_capitulos\" href=\"https:\/\/imeditores.com\/banocc\/orquideas\/capitulo-08\/\" target=\"_parent\" rel=\"noopener\">cap\u00edtulo anterior<\/a><\/h6>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00bb1\/2&#8243; el_class=\u00bbcolumna_btn_nav_capitulos\u00bb][\/vc_column][vc_column][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row full_width=\u00bbstretch_row_content_no_spaces\u00bb full_height=\u00bbyes\u00bb el_class=\u00bbdiv01&#8243; el_id=\u00bbhero_cap_01&#8243;][vc_column][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row content_placement=\u00bbmiddle\u00bb css_animation=\u00bbfadeInDown\u00bb el_class=\u00bbdiv07&#8243; el_id=\u00bbtitulo_estatico\u00bb][vc_column][vc_column_text] Anexos [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u00bbstretch_row\u00bb content_placement=\u00bbtop\u00bb css_animation=\u00bbnone\u00bb el_class=\u00bbdiv01&#8243; el_id=\u00bbcontent01&#8243;][vc_column][vc_column_text el_class=\u00bbtitulo_01&#8243;] Bibliograf\u00eda [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u00bbstretch_row\u00bb content_placement=\u00bbtop\u00bb css_animation=\u00bbnone\u00bb el_id=\u00bbbibliografia_desktop\u00bb el_class=\u00bbdiv01&#8243;][vc_column width=\u00bb1\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text][\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00bb1\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text] [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00bb1\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text][\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u00bbstretch_row\u00bb css_animation=\u00bbfadeInUp\u00bb el_id=\u00bbbibliografia_mobile\u00bb el_class=\u00bbdiv01&#8243;][vc_column][vc_column_text] [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u00bbstretch_row_content_no_spaces\u00bb el_class=\u00bbdiv01&#8243;][vc_column][vc_empty_space height=\u00bb100px\u00bb][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u00bbstretch_row\u00bb content_placement=\u00bbtop\u00bb css_animation=\u00bbfadeIn\u00bb el_class=\u00bbdiv02&#8243; el_id=\u00bbcontent02&#8243;][vc_column][vc_column_text el_class=\u00bbtitulo_01&#8243;] Glosario [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u00bbstretch_row\u00bb css_animation=\u00bbfadeIn\u00bb el_id=\u00bbglosario_desktop\u00bb el_class=\u00bbdiv02&#8243;][vc_column width=\u00bb1\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text][\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00bb1\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text][\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00bb1\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text][\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=\u00bbstretch_row\u00bb css_animation=\u00bbfadeIn\u00bb el_id=\u00bbglosario_mobile\u00bb el_class=\u00bbdiv02&#8243;][vc_column][vc_column_text][\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3682","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/imeditores.com\/banocc\/orquideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3682","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/imeditores.com\/banocc\/orquideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/imeditores.com\/banocc\/orquideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imeditores.com\/banocc\/orquideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imeditores.com\/banocc\/orquideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3682"}],"version-history":[{"count":77,"href":"https:\/\/imeditores.com\/banocc\/orquideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3682\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4713,"href":"https:\/\/imeditores.com\/banocc\/orquideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3682\/revisions\/4713"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/imeditores.com\/banocc\/orquideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3682"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}